CLINICAL TRIALS DEMAND extreme rigor. A mistake in trial design, like a bookkeeping error, can lead regulators to reject a potentially valuable drug.
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Neoadjuvant therapy:
Neoadjuvant therapy is a treatment option that is being increasingly used for patients with high-risk melanoma. The goal of neoadjuvant therapy is to shrink the tumor before surgery, potentially improving the success of the surgical resection and overall outcomes for the patient. The most common neoadjuvant therapy for melanoma is immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, which blocks the immune checkpoints that tumors use to evade detection and attack by the immune system. The immune checkpoint inhibitors approved for melanoma include drugs such as pembrolizumab, nivolumab, and ipilimumab. These drugs have been shown to be effective in both advanced melanoma and in the adjuvant setting, where they are used after surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence.
Neoadjuvant checkpoint inhibitor therapy has been studied in several clinical trials, including the OpACIN-Neo trial and the Keynote-029 trial. These studies have shown promising results, with significant tumor shrinkage observed in many patients. In addition, neoadjuvant therapy with checkpoint inhibitors has been associated with improved overall survival and disease-free survival in some studies.
Another neoadjuvant therapy that is being studied in melanoma is targeted therapy, which targets specific genetic mutations that drive the growth of the cancer cells. The targeted therapy drugs approved for melanoma include drugs such as vemurafenib and dabrafenib. These drugs have shown significant tumor shrinkage in patients with BRAF-mutated melanoma
Overall, neoadjuvant therapy is an important treatment option for patients with high-risk melanoma. While immune checkpoint inhibitors are the most common neoadjuvant therapy used, targeted therapy may also be effective in certain cases. However, more research is needed to determine the best approach for neoadjuvant therapy in melanoma and to identify which patients will benefit the most from this treatment option.
Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT)
Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) is an innovative cancer treatment that uses the patient's own immune system to target and destroy cancer cells. It involves the isolation and expansion of T cells from a patient's blood or tumor, which are then genetically modified and reinfused into the patient to target cancer cells. Recent advances in ACT have shown promising results in the treatment of advanced melanoma.
The isolation and expansion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from a patient's tumor - T cells that have already infiltrated the tumor and have shown an ability to recognize and attack cancer cells – and subsequent expansion in the laboratory are reinfused into the patient along with interleukin-2 (IL-2), a cytokine that stimulates T cell growth and activation. The TILs can then migrate back to the tumor and target and destroy cancer cells.
ACT also can involve genetically engineering T cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that can recognize and bind to specific antigens (proteins) on cancer cells. CAR T cells are produced by isolating T cells from a patient's blood, engineering them to express the CAR, and expanding them in the laboratory. The CAR T cells are then reinfused into the patient to target and destroy cancer cells that express the antigen.